The battle of Gettysburg began 150 years ago today

 Cemetery Ridge, Seminary Hill, Little Round Top, Culp’s Hill, the Peach Orchard, the Devils Den, the Slaughter Pit, Emmitsburg Road, and the copse of trees–those names are etched in the minds of Civil War buffs all across the nation for those are the names associated with the battle which is considered the turning point of the Civil War and the high water mark of the Confederacy.

  150 years ago today the battle of Gettysburg began and the fate of the nation was held in the balance.

  The Civil War had reached the North for just the second time when General Lee decided to travel along the Blue Ridge Mountains and surprise the Federals with a decisive battle which he felt would clear the road to Washington and force the North to sue for a peace which would include Southern independence, and in all likelihood a victory here would have achieved those results. His moves were discovered, the Federals advanced on his position, and both armies converged at the small town of Gettysburg. General Lee did not want to fight here, it was not a battlefield of his choosing, but the enemy was here and he would not retreat at this point so fight them he did.

  Two words may have decided the outcome of this battle before it even began–if practicable. On July 1st General Lee ordered General Ewell to take Cemetery Hill “if practicable”  but the general’s troops had been marching while facing fire all day and he decided it was not practicable. Using the discretion he felt General Lee’s order provided him General Ewell decided Culp’s Hill would be a better option, but while waiting for reinforcements the undefended hill was reinforced by the Union army and the opportunity was lost. He never took the hill and the Union held the high ground at the end of the day.

  Not knowing that General Ewell had not taken the high ground General Lee put phase two into motion, an attack on the Union’s other flank on Little Round Top.

  The Confederates attacked and retreated several times while continually trying to outflank the Union line until they reached the position held by Colonel Chamberlain.

  Colonel Chamberlain was told that his division–the 20th Maine–is the end of the line. He must hold his position until the last. He cannot let his line be turned and he cannot retreat and he will not be reinforced. The 20th Maine holds off  advances from the Confederates but they exhausted their ammunition supply when they see the Confederates mounting yet one more attack.

  Knowing that there were only two possible outcomes–victory or death–Colonel Chamberlain orders a daring bayonet charge on the Confederates and against all odds manages to repel the last Confederate advance on Little Round Top.

  The first two intense and bloody days of battle had ended with the north holding the high ground at both Culp’s Hill and Little Round Top. Having failed at flanking the north on both the left and the right General Lee decided that on the morning of July 3rd, he would attempt a bold attack on the Union center which has gone down in history as ‘Pickett’s Charge.’

 The battle began with a fierce artillery and cannon barrage on the Union’s positions on top of Cemetery Ridge, but the cannon overshot and was ineffective. Suddenly in mid-afternoon out of the trees below Cemetery Ridge emerged a line one mile long which began to march a distance of one mile toward the federal position–Pickett’s charge had begun. As soon as the men emerged from the trees they were within artillery range and the Union opened fire, yet the Confederates kept on coming despite the already rising death toll until they reached Emmitsburg road.

  Emmitsburg road was about halfway between the Confederate starting point and the Federal position and it proved to be a huge obstacle to the Confederate advance. There was a fence on both sides of the road and as the Confederates attempted to scale both fences they came under fire from the Union for they were now within range of rifle fire.  As the bodies piled up at the fences the soldiers climbed over them and the Confederates kept moving forward as the fate of the country hung in the balance. Nothing could stop them.

  Against all odds the Confederate Army reached and broke the Federal line, all hope looked lost to the Federals as it appeared the Confederates would march straight to Washington. But Pickett’s charge was a two pronged attack: Once General Pickett’s men reached the federal position he was supposed to have been met by the cavalry of General Jeb Stuart, who was supposed to ride around the enemy’s rear and form a pincer movement which would have split the Union army in half atop Cemetery Ridge.

  But General Stuart never made it to the rear of the Union army and was never able to reinforce the charge because he was met by a small band of Union cavalry, led by a little known newly appointed general who was eager to make a name for himself. General Stuart thought that this small band of cavalry was not serious in attacking his much larger force, but they were and they did. The Union cavalry was able to hold off the Confederate advance until reinforcements showed up, when they did General Stuart was forced to withdraw and General Pickett’s men were on their own on top of the hill.

  This general was a hero at Gettysburg, but he never received the glory that he had hoped for his contribution, he would have to wait until 1876 at the Battle of Little Bighorn for his name to go down in history–his name was General George Custer.

  Without General Stuart’s reinforcements the Confederates could not sustain the momentum after this momentous charge; the Union army regrouped and pushed the Confederates back down the ridge. At a combined cost of 50,000 lives, the battle of Gettysburg was over and the union was saved, ironically, it was on the Fourth of July that General Lee ordered his men to retreat back toward Virginia.

  This was the turning point in the Civil War, while there were still many battles to be fought before the contest was decided, never again did the Confederate army invade the North.